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设备异常的诊断方法是什么?

2024-09-20

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沈立智

(北京华维中联工程技术研究中心)

振动分析法是对设备所产生的机械振动(对大机组来说,主要是是转子相对于轴承的振动)进行信号采集、数据处理后,根据振幅、频率、相位及相关图谱所进行的故障分析。

振动分析法是大机组状态监测与故障诊断所使用的主要方法。

一方面,由于在大机组的所有故障中,发生振动故障的概率最高;另一方面,振动信号所函括的设备状态的信息量最大,它既包含了转子、轴承、联轴器、齿轮、壳体、基础、管线等机械零部件自身运行状态的信息,又包含了诸如转速、流量、压力、温度、介质组分、润滑油(主要是油温)等工艺及运行参数影响机组运行状态的信息,因为机械零部件或运行参数的非正常变化,都会引起振动值增大,振动信息量如此之丰富,是其它任何信息所无法比拟的;第三,振动信号易于拾取,便于在不影响机组运行的情况下实行在线监测和诊断。因此,振动分析法是转动设备故障诊断中运用广泛、有效的方法。

采用振动分析法,可以对旋转机械大部分的故障类型进行准确的诊断,例如转子不平衡、轴弯曲、轴横向裂纹、滑动轴承不良(间隙过大、磨损严重、刚度差异大、轴颈偏心、轴承不对中、轴瓦或油挡错位、瓦面接触差、瓦背紧力不足、可倾瓦摇摆性差等)、油膜涡动及油膜振荡、摩擦、转子部件或支承部件松动、轴系不对中、结构共振、旋转失速及喘振、流体激振、电磁力激振、临界转速、联轴器缺陷、齿轮缺陷、滚动轴承缺陷、皮带轮偏心等等。振动分析法是大机组状态监测与故障诊断所使用的主要方法。

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